In this study, the start and ending time of warm and cold periods of the year in Iran has been investigated. To this aim, the grid data of maximum daily temperature of Iran with spatial separation of 15×15 and time interval 21/3/1961 up to 20/3/1-2003 including 15705 days were extracted from Asfazari data base, second edition.Using the array of Iran’s day time temperature data of dimension 15705*7187, the long term mean of temperature was calculated and tabulated, the year was divided in two periods of warm and cold periods based on the long term mean of the temperature of each part of the country. Finally, the maps for the highest and lowest daily temperature start and ending dates of warm period and mean of daily temperature in cold period were calculated and plotted.The maps showed that, mean of Iran’s day time temperature is 25.2 Celsius degree. Warm period of Iran occurs from 18 April up to 25 October and the cold period starts from 26 October up to 17 April of the next year. Cold and warm periods do not start simultaneously all over Iran. At the south and south east parts of the country, the warm season starts earlier and ends later. The peak warm temperature in Iran occurs at different parts with a time interval of 70 days. While the peak cold occurs almost simultaneously with a time interval of 15 days all over Iran.

Literature concerning the effects of Ramadan fasting on sports performance presents conflicting results. In this context, some studies reported a significant impairment of sports performance during the month of Ramadan. However, other studies suggested that Ramadan fasting has no significant effect on physical performance.The discrepancies between the studies could be explained by time-of-day variations in testing. In this regard, recent studies reported that Ramadan negatively affects the afternoon sports performance; however, the morning and the evening (after breaking the fast) performances were not affected by fasting. This suggests that the optimal time of day for training during Ramadan is the morning or the evening. Therefore, coaches should schedule the training sessions in the morning or evening during the month of Ramadan. However, further studies should investigate the effect of training at a specific time of day on sports performance during Ramadan.

Whereas the perception of present species in under management areas is one of the most important bases in the wildlife management, so this study was carried out in order to determination of vertebrates fauna in Dez area from 19 February 2010 to 6 October 2011. In this study direct observation and remaining signs such as pellet, track and carrion; for all orders were used also for gathering the species such as turtles and amphibians the creel with 60´60 mm mesh size were utilized too. Generally during the 70 visits within the area 81 vertebrates consist of 65 birds in 49 genuses, 34 families and 11 orders were recorded which the globally endangered Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris and Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii were of them. Of mammals 7 species in 6 genuses, 5 families and 4 orders were observed that Sand Fox was the only protected species of them. Also of reptiles 8 species in 7 genuses, 7 families and 2 orders were recognized that globally endangered Mesopotamian soft-shelled turtle was of them. Just one species of amphibians Marsh Frog Rana ridibunda were seen in the area.

Objective: Before starting an activity or a military mission, the military units check the weather and the ground of the region and evaluate its effect on the assigned missions. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of 120-day winds on military activities in the northern region of Sistan and Baluchistan province and on a case-by-case basis in the city of Zabul.Methodology: Data related to wind direction and speed, horizontal visibility and the number of dust reports with a statistical period of 21 years (2000-2021) have been received from the Zabul synoptic station and subjected to statistical analysis.Findings: In order to determine the effect of these winds on military activities, an expert interview was conducted with military experts, and in order to determine the proximity and desirability of the months of the year to the ideal desired by the experts, the TOPSIS method was used. The predominant wind is in the northwest region and the highest wind speed and the lowest visibility occurred in the summer season.Conclusion: The results showed that the months of Azar, January, November, Bahman, Farvardin and Mehr are the closest to the military ideal in terms of weather (horizontal visibility, direction and wind speed) and the months of July, August, June and September are the most distant from the ideal. They have the weather for military activities in the studied area. Any military activity at this time will bring the least benefit and the most negative effect in terms of weather conditions.